Table 1 The ASIR, ASPR, and ASYR with EAPC in severe chest injury from 1990 to 2019

Global

118.66 (90.89–154.47)

102 (78.66–130.57)

− 0.41 (-0.54–0.28)

26.79 (22.08–32.61)

24.88 (20.79–29.88)

− 0.26 (-0.35–0.17)

5.73 (3.48–8.67)

5.02 (3.11–7.69)

− 0.37 (− 0.49–0.25)

Africa

137.63 (84.52–240.29)

76.24 (58.21–98.45)

− 1.42 (− 1.96–0.87)

28.11 (20.6–40.53)

21.19 (17.33–26.44)

− 0.64 (− 0.91–0.36)

6.53 (3.57–11.85)

3.87 (2.43–5.74)

− 1.25 (− 1.73–0.76)

African Region

147.81 (88.87–263.02)

76.66 (58.11–99.31)

− 1.65 (− 2.29–1.02)

30.62 (22.34–44.56)

22.46 (18.41–27.99)

− 0.73 (− 1.04–0.42)

7.04 (3.79–12.97)

3.95 (2.49–5.87)

− 1.44 (− 2–0.88)

America

155.82 (116.92–204.74)

133.45 (101.2–175.33)

− 0.45 (− 0.57–0.32)

35.6 (29.5–44.24)

31.54 (26.33–38.7)

− 0.36 (− 0.46–0.25)

7.54 (4.53–11.75)

6.51 (3.94–10.2)

-0.43 (-0.55–0.31)

Andean Latin America

107.92 (77.74–158.55)

76.01 (58.11–100.86)

− 0.82 (− 1.12–0.51)

19.62 (14.57–27.64)

15.1 (11.97–19.47)

− 0.7 (− 0.87–0.52)

4.98 (2.88–8.3)

3.56 (2.14–5.56)

− 0.8 (− 1.08–0.52)

Asia

93.29 (72.58–118.27)

96.79 (74.93–123.1)

0.24 (0.09–0.4)

22.19 (18.42–26.85)

24.04 (20.06–28.87)

0.25 (0.14–0.36)

4.56 (2.83–6.85)

4.78 (3–7.22)

0.26 (0.11–0.4)

Australasia

259.68 (184.44–383.09)

247.36 (176.45–358.3)

− 0.23 (− 0.28–0.18)

45.44 (33.42–63.59)

43.94 (32.64–61.17)

− 0.17 (− 0.22–0.12)

11.86 (6.58–19.68)

11.33 (6.32–18.8)

− 0.22 (− 0.27–0.17)

Caribbean

92.35 (72.27–121.55)

99.14 (76.58–132.52)

0.62 (− 0.51–1.76)

19.11 (15.53–24.02)

22.73 (17.82–29.45)

1.03 (0.22–1.86)

4.37 (2.63–6.84)

4.79 (2.9–7.44)

0.71 (-0.38–1.82)

Central Asia

128.83 (98.66–171.46)

111.58 (83.94–151.64)

− 1.07 (− 1.54–0.59)

24.83 (19.46–32.09)

22.06 (17.32–28.71)

− 0.79 (− 1.11–0.46)

6 (3.59–9.46)

5.22 (3.09–8.3)

− 1.02 (− 1.47–0.57)

Central Europe

245.68 (181.14–343.07)

209.61 (152.09–297.79)

− 0.83 (− 1–0.66)

47.26 (36.39–62.94)

40.02 (30.73–53.43)

− 0.77 (− 0.89–0.66)

11.44 (6.62–18.57)

9.74 (5.62–16.03)

− 0.83 (− 0.99–0.66)

Central Latin America

151.56 (115.21–198.14)

121.69 (92.42–161.18)

− 0.02 (− 0.28–0.24)

33.46 (27.17–41.59)

26.53 (21.61–33.21)

− 0.01 (− 0.26–0.24)

7.27 (4.39–11.32)

5.82 (3.51–9.16)

− 0.02 (− 0.27–0.24)

Central Sub-Saharan Africa

73.6 (51.32–114.33)

53.99 (41.48–71.82)

− 2.46 (− 4.28–0.61)

16.42 (12.24–23.35)

16.01 (11.51–25.08)

− 1 (-2.12–0.13)

3.55 (2.09–6.01)

2.77 (1.74–4.17)

− 2.16 (− 3.84–0.46)

Commonwealth High Income

142.31 (106.01–195.83)

136.49 (100.89–187.77)

− 0.21 (− 0.28–0.14)

26.87 (20.8–35.28)

26.32 (20.4–34.56)

− 0.13 (− 0.18–0.07)

6.6 (3.86–10.55)

6.36 (3.74–10.27)

− 0.19 (− 0.26–0.13)

Commonwealth Low Income

81.66 (60.92–110.22)

73.28 (56.56–93.24)

− 1.31 (− 2.09–0.53)

21.02 (17.14–26.41)

19.93 (16.57–24.61)

− 0.92 (− 1.33–0.51)

4.07 (2.5–6.13)

3.7 (2.33–5.56)

− 1.24 (− 1.95–0.53)

Commonwealth Middle Income

101.44 (78.7–130.05)

95.87 (73.92–122.43)

− 0.03 (− 0.15–0.09)

23.81 (19.92–28.42)

24.56 (20.72–29.44)

0.21 (0.09–0.34)

4.94 (3.06–7.26)

4.77 (2.96–7.2)

0.03 (− 0.09–0.15)

East Asia

72.86 (53.73–99.57)

86.42 (63.71–115.38)

0.09 (− 0.26–0.45)

18.32 (15.34–22.32)

23.16 (19.7–27.78)

0.41 (0.09–0.73)

3.61 (2.22–5.53)

4.37 (2.66–6.73)

0.19 (− 0.15–0.53)

East Asia & Pacific—WB

84.9 (64.73–111.33)

89.37 (67.09–116.57)

− 0.13 (− 0.37–0.11)

20.36 (17.04–24.6)

22.43 (18.93–26.98)

0.05 (− 0.17–0.27)

4.16 (2.54–6.37)

4.44 (2.7–6.78)

− 0.07 (− 0.31–0.16)

Eastern Europe

246.75 (189.71–327.46)

189.92 (145.99–250.84)

− 0.97 (− 1.12–0.81)

49.28 (39.18–63.03)

38.58 (30.87–49.16)

− 0.88 (− 1.03–0.73)

11.58 (6.83–18.14)

8.95 (5.38–13.98)

− 0.95 (− 1.1–0.79)

Eastern Mediterranean Region

107.69 (81.71–146.33)

106.61 (77.77–154.02)

1.61 (1.03–2.18)

26.58 (18.7–42.41)

25.35 (18.22–37.8)

0.65 (0.31–1)

5.29 (3.32–8.18)

5.19 (3.12–8.27)

1.42 (0.89–1.95)

Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa

257.97 (125.49–546.66)

78.33 (59.97–100.85)

− 2.54 (− 3.59–1.48)

45.73 (27.81–78.79)

24.71 (19.08–35.67)

− 1.28 (− 1.83–0.74)

11.94 (5.59–25.82)

4.11 (2.62–6.07)

− 2.26 (− 3.2–1.31)

Europe

173.11 (130.28–231.42)

138.44 (104.23–187.88)

− 0.99 (− 1.08–0.89)

34.3 (27.12–43.96)

27.7 (22.07–35.37)

− 0.91 (− 0.98–0.84)

8.11 (4.81–12.71)

6.5 (3.86–10.22)

− 0.97 (-1.06–0.88)

Europe & Central Asia—WB

170.06 (128.06–226.95)

135.79 (102.15–183.85)

− 1.02 (− 1.12–0.93)

33.78 (26.73–43.26)

27.29 (21.7–34.77)

− 0.93 (− 1–0.86)

7.97 (4.73–12.47)

6.38 (3.79–10.01)

− 1 (− 1.1–0.91)

European Region

169.91 (127.94–226.8)

135.66 (102.02–183.74)

− 1.02 (− 1.11–0.92)

33.73 (26.69–43.2)

27.26 (21.68–34.74)

− 0.93 (-0.99–0.86)

7.97 (4.73–12.46)

6.38 (3.79–10.01)

− 1 (− 1.09–0.91)

High-income Asia Pacific

145.91 (107.08–200.81)

130.41 (94.96–180.97)

− 0.55 (− 0.66–0.44)

29.78 (23.73–38.99)

26.26 (20.75–34.69)

− 0.59 (− 0.69–0.5)

6.89 (4.05–11.03)

6.14 (3.59–10.01)

− 0.56 (− 0.66–0.45)

High-income North America

178.07 (130.94–238)

154.82 (115.59–206.09)

− 0.9 (-1.19–0.61)

41.12 (34.09–51.61)

38.28 (32.11–47.01)

− 0.56 (− 0.8–0.32)

8.65 (5.15–13.83)

7.64 (4.65–12.04)

− 0.82 (− 1.09–0.54)

Latin America & Caribbean—WB

138.72 (104.77–180.41)

118.39 (89.47–155.75)

− 0.18 (− 0.36–0)

29.62 (24–36.96)

25.72 (21.03–31.85)

− 0.12 (− 0.26–0.02)

6.61 (3.99–10.33)

5.66 (3.44–8.85)

− 0.17 (− 0.34–0.01)

Middle East & North Africa—WB

107.81 (83.22–138.57)

103.78 (75.44–146.19)

1.91 (1.22–2.61)

26.34 (18.61–41.88)

23.58 (16.81–35.05)

0.77 (0.32–1.23)

5.3 (3.38–8.07)

4.99 (2.98–8.07)

1.7 (1.05–2.36)

North Africa and Middle East

108.24 (81.88–147.43)

108.69 (76.81–161.3)

1.52 (0.9–2.13)

26.48 (18.03–43.22)

24.82 (17.01–38.3)

0.57 (0.19–0.96)

5.31 (3.34–8.25)

5.24 (3.08–8.58)

1.34 (0.77–1.91)

North America

178.04 (130.92–237.96)

154.81 (115.58–206.08)

− 0.9 (− 1.19–0.61)

41.11 (34.08–51.6)

38.27 (32.1–47)

− 0.56 (− 0.8–0.32)

8.64 (5.15–13.83)

7.64 (4.65–12.04)

− 0.81 (− 1.09–0.54)

Oceania

60.22 (46.56–77.9)

66.13 (50.37–86.16)

− 0.01 (− 0.61–0.6)

13.48 (11.08–16.6)

15.43 (12.7–19.04)

0.26 (− 0.1–0.63)

2.9 (1.78–4.48)

3.21 (1.99–4.94)

0.04 (− 0.52–0.61)

Region of the Americas

155.82 (116.92–204.74)

133.45 (101.2–175.33)

− 0.45 (− 0.57–0.32)

35.6 (29.5–44.24)

31.54 (26.33–38.7)

− 0.36 (− 0.46–0.25)

7.54 (4.53–11.75)

6.51 (3.94–10.2)

− 0.43 (− 0.55–0.31)

South–East Asia Region

99.09 (76.77–126.29)

91.74 (70.72–116.55)

− 0.31 (− 0.52–0.11)

23.26 (19.37–27.63)

23.01 (19.31–27.67)

− 0.09 (− 0.24–0.05)

4.82 (2.99–7.08)

4.54 (2.81–6.88)

− 0.26 (− 0.45–0.07)

South Asia

98.48 (76.1–125.13)

95.79 (73.83–122.92)

− 0.12 (− 0.31–0.08)

22.96 (19.15–27.5)

24.19 (20.4–28.99)

0.16 (0–0.31)

4.78 (2.97–7.11)

4.74 (2.94–7.18)

− 0.05 (− 0.24–0.14)

South Asia—WB

101.19 (78.51–129.72)

99.37 (75.91–127.3)

− 0.04 (− 0.23–0.14)

23.82 (19.74–29.08)

25.08 (21–30.06)

0.16 (0.02–0.29)

4.92 (3.05–7.24)

4.92 (3.05–7.3)

0.01 (− 0.16–0.18)

Southeast Asia

92.8 (71.14–120.41)

75.42 (58.22–95.92)

− 0.69 (− 1.01–0.37)

21.35 (17.58–26.01)

18.11 (14.99–22.03)

− 0.62 (− 0.8–0.45)

4.5 (2.79–6.73)

3.69 (2.28–5.65)

− 0.68 (− 0.97–0.39)

Southern Latin America

152.5 (112.01–212.65)

150.6 (110.15–208.48)

− 0.22 (− 0.3–0.13)

28.23 (21.68–37.9)

27.69 (21.21–37.21)

− 0.23 (− 0.3–0.16)

7.04 (4.04–11.44)

6.95 (4.03–11.26)

− 0.22 (− 0.3–0.14)

Southern Sub− Saharan Africa

97.4 (73.27–124.84)

80.11 (60.31–102.43)

− 0.51 (− 0.68–0.35)

25.32 (21.39–30.38)

20.64 (17.49–24.66)

− 0.44 (− 0.66–0.23)

4.87 (2.97–7.41)

4 (2.43–6.06)

− 0.49 (− 0.67–0.32)

Sub− Saharan Africa—WB

154.62 (90.87–283.64)

78.55 (59.5–101.71)

− 1.6 (− 2.2–0.99)

31.66 (22.76–46.6)

23.17 (18.98–28.95)

− 0.67 (− 0.97–0.37)

7.35 (3.91–13.88)

4.06 (2.56–6.02)

− 1.38 (− 1.92–0.85)

Tropical Latin America

139.2 (103.32–185.7)

120.92 (89.44–162.49)

− 0.44 (− 0.5–0.39)

31.75 (26.07–39.07)

27.77 (22.73–34.21)

− 0.4 (− 0.49–0.32)

6.73 (4.05–10.56)

5.87 (3.52–9.13)

− 0.43 (− 0.49–0.37)

Western Europe

122.36 (92.87–164.09)

108.26 (80.2–145.92)

− 0.63 (− 0.71–0.55)

24.23 (19.2–31.07)

21.47 (16.82–27.84)

− 0.63 (− 0.71–0.55)

5.74 (3.44–9.15)

5.08 (3–8.18)

− 0.63 (− 0.7–0.55)

Western pacific region

84.64 (64.5–112.5)

91.92 (68.82–120.42)

− 0.07 (− 0.34–0.2)

20.21 (16.91–24.64)

23.05 (19.47–27.77)

0.14 (− 0.11–0.39)

4.14 (2.55–6.31)

4.57 (2.76–6.97)

− 0.01 (− 0.27–0.25)

Western Sub− Saharan Africa

87.86 (64.38–118.08)

84.8 (62.91–111.95)

− 0.02 (− 0.31–0.28)

23.62 (19.98–28.05)

24.57 (20.96–28.94)

0.24 (0.11–0.36)

4.44 (2.69–6.64)

4.38 (2.7–6.57)

0.05 (− 0.2–0.3)

World bank high income

153.52 (114.72–205.55)

135.68 (101.35–181.43)

− 0.66 (− 0.8–0.52)

32.03 (25.86–41.01)

28.84 (23.28–36.75)

− 0.58 (− 0.7–0.46)

7.28 (4.31–11.56)

6.46 (3.84–10.31)

− 0.64 (− 0.78–0.51)

World bank low income

183.89 (97.66–365.77)

87.37 (64.54–119.42)

− 1.54 (− 2.38–0.7)

36.37 (23.24–62.01)

25.76 (19.29–38.08)

− 0.72 (− 1.13–0.32)

8.67 (4.35–17.62)

4.5 (2.8–6.88)

− 1.36 (− 2.1–0.61)

World bank lower middle income

99.84 (77.77–127.52)

92.5 (72.18–117.5)

− 0.13 (− 0.28–0.02)

23.18 (19.21–27.85)

22.99 (19.29–27.45)

0.01 (− 0.07–0.09)

4.85 (2.99–7.14)

4.56 (2.82–6.79)

− 0.09 (− 0.22–0.04)

World bank upper middle income

108.95 (83.6–139.83)

103.83 (78.22–135.38)

− 0.1 (− 0.24–0.03)

25.14 (20.77–30.57)

24.99 (20.87–30.34)

− 0.04 (− 0.17–0.09)

5.29 (3.21–8.16)

5.1 (3.1–7.85)

− 0.08 (− 0.21–0.05)