Table 2 Summary of subgroup and sensitivity analyses of cardiac activity on POCUS in the prediction of ROSC, SHA, and SHD
Subgroup | Number of studies | Pooled sensitivity (95% CI) | Subgroup P value in sensitivity | Pooled specificity (95% CI) | Subgroup P value in specificity | Positive likelihood ratio | Negative likelihood ratio | Pooled AUCÂ (95% CI) | Diagnostic odds ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ROSC | |||||||||
Overall group | 10 | 0.86 (0.67–0.95) | – | 0.64 (0.51–0.75) | – | 2.4 (1.8–3.3) | 0.21 (0.09–0.52) | 0.79 (0.76–0.83) | 11.4 (4.2–31.2) |
Publishing year | |||||||||
Pre-2015 | 5 | 0.97 (0.53–1.00) | 0.38 | 0.64 (0.40–0.82) | 0.88 | 2.7 (1.5–4.8) | 0.05 (0.01–1.17) | 0.85 (0.82–0.88) | 48.7 (2.3–1052) |
Post-2015 | 5 | 0.75 (0.63–0.85) |  | 0.64 (0.52–0.75) |  | 2.1 (1.6–2.7) | 0.38 (0.28–0.58) | 0.75 (0.71–0.79) | 5.5 (3.7–8.1) |
Study design | |||||||||
PS | 7 | 0.89 (0.63–0.97) | 0.85 | 0.59 (0.42–0.74) | 0.18 | 2.2 (1.5–3.1) | 0.19 (0.06–0.68) | 0.77 (0.73–0.81) | 11.2 (2.8–44.3) |
RS | 3 | 0.82 (0.51–0.95) |  | 0.74 (0.57–0.86) |  | 2.6 (1.9–3.8) | 0.32 (0.13–0.81) | 0.81 (0.64–0.89) | 10.5 (4.0–27.4) |
Country | |||||||||
USA | 3 | 0.87 (0.67–0.96) | 0.93 | 0.72 (0.53–0.86) | 0.38 | 3.1 (1.5–6.5) | 0.29 (0.11–0.76) | 0.86 (0.61–0.94) | 15.6 (2.0–121.9) |
Non-USA | 7 | 0.82 (0.60–0.93) |  | 0.60 (0.43–0.74) |  | 1.8 (1.4–2.2) | 0.42 (0.26–0.68) | 0.74 (0.62–0.80) | 5.7 (3.2–10.0) |
Etiology | |||||||||
Medical | 6 | 0.80 (0.61–0.91) | 0.16 | 0.71 (0.57–0.81) | 0.85 | 2.7 (1.8–4.3) | 0.28 (0.13–0.60) | 0.82 (0.78–0.85) | 9.7 (3.3–28.7) |
Trauma | 1 | 0.92 (0.52–0.99) |  | 0.72 (0.51–0.86) |  | 3.2 (1.6–6.5) | 0.12 (0.01–1.67) | - | 27.9 (1.3–580.2) |
Study setting | |||||||||
ED | 9 | 0.75 (0.59–0.86) | 0.25 | 0.65 (0.25–0.47) | 0.16 | 2.1 (1.7–2.7) | 0.42 (0.29–0.61) | 0.74 (0.66–0.78) | 6.0 (3.6–10.1) |
ICU | 1 | 0.95 (0.76–0.99) |  | 0.33 (0.14–0.61) |  | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 0.15 (0.02–1.19) | - | 9.5 (0.9–98.8) |
Prehospital | 0 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
SHA | |||||||||
Overall group | 12 | 0.89 (0.80–0.94) | – | 0.73 (0.63–0.81) | – | 3.3 (2.3–4.7) | 0.15 (0.08–0.30) | 0.89 (0.86–0.92) | 21.4 (8.9–51.5) |
Publishing year | |||||||||
Pre-2015 | 8 | 0.95 (0.89–0.98) |  < 0.01* | 0.74 (0.60–0.84) | 0.99 | 3.4 (1.9–6.0) | 0.06 (0.02–0.16) | 0.96 (0.93–0.97) | 55.0 (17.5–173) |
Post-2015 | 4 | 0.72 (0.55–0.84) |  | 0.72 (0.57–0.83) |  | 2.5 (1.6–4.0) | 0.40 (0.24–0.65) | 0.77 (0.73–0.81) | 6.4 (2.9–14.3) |
Study design | |||||||||
PS | 7 | 0.90 (0.74–0.97) | 0.31 | 0.69 (0.53–0.82) | 0.07 | 2.9 (1.8–4.9) | 0.14 (0.05–0.42) | 0.90 (0.87–0.92) | 21.1 (5.1–87.9) |
RS | 5 | 0.85 (0.65–0.94) |  | 0.78 (0.71–0.84) |  | 3.9 (2.7–5.7) | 0.20 (0.08–0.51) | 0.84 (0.81–0.87) | 20.0 (5.6–69.3) |
Country | |||||||||
USA | 6 | 0.90 (0.75–0.97) | 0.89 | 0.69 (0.56–0.80) | 0.25 | 3.0 (1.9–4.6) | 0.14 (0.05–0.43) | 0.83 (0.70–0.88) | 20.8 (4.7–91.5) |
Non-USA | 6 | 0.88 (0.71–0.95) |  | 0.77 (0.62–0.88) |  | 3.9 (2.2–6.7) | 0.16 (0.06–0.41) | 0.90 (0.87–0.92) | 24.3 (7.3–81.3) |
Etiology | |||||||||
Medical | 7 | 0.91 (0.72–0.98) | 0.65 | 0.66 (0.52–0.78) | 0.22 | 2.7 (1.7–4.2) | 0.13 (0.04–0.50) | 0.87 (0.83–0.89) | 20.0 (4.0–100.5) |
Trauma | 3 | 0.74 (0.49–0.89) |  | 0.76 (0.69–0.82) |  | 3.0 (2.1–4.4) | 0.35 (0.16–0.77) | 0.80 (0.67–0.88) | 9.2 (2.9–28.8) |
Study setting | |||||||||
ED | 10 | 0.88 (0.80–0.93) | 0.30 | 0.75 (0.65–0.83) | 0.33 | 3.5 (2.4–5.2) | 0.16 (0.09–0.28) | 0.90 (0.87–0.92) | 21.7 (9.1–51.8) |
ICU | 0 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Prehospital | 2 | 0.88 (0.49–0.98) |  | 0.58 (0.23–0.87) |  | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | 0.20 (0.05–0.74) | 0.83 (0.48–0.89) | 10.2 (2.1–51.0) |
SHD | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Overall group | 9 | 0.79 (0.58–0.91) | – | 0.58 (0.47–0.68) | – | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | 0.41 (0.21–0.79) | 0.74 (0.57–0.78) | 5.1 (2.1–12.5) |
Publishing year | |||||||||
Pre-2015 | 4 | 0.74 (0.28–0.95) | 0.71 | 0.57 (0.31–0.79) | 0.99 | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 0.57 (0.19–1.72) | 0.70 (0.40–0.76) | 3.4 (0.6–19.5) |
Post-2015 | 5 | 0.81 (0.43–0.93) |  | 0.57 (0.46–0.67) |  | 1.7 (1.5–2.1) | 0.34 (0.15–0.78) | 0.74 (0.59–0.84) | 5.9 (2.1–16.9) |
Study design | |||||||||
PS | 4 | 0.85 (0.62–0.95) | 0.57 | 0.47 (0.34–0.71) | 0.04* | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 0.35 (0.14–0.85) | 0.77 (0.52–0.85) | 4.8 (1.6–14.4) |
RS | 5 | 0.73 (0.31–0.94) |  | 0.66 (0.58–0.75) |  | 2.0 (1.5–2.6) | 0.50 (0.19–1.31) | 0.72 (0.49–0.76) | 5.8 (1.2–27.8) |
Country | |||||||||
USA | 3 | 0.62 (0.07–0.83) | 0.35 | 0.68 (0.60–0.76) | 0.21 | 2.1 (1.0–4.6) | 0.64 (0.19–2.13) | 0.70 (0.41–0.74) | 3.3 (0.4–27.5) |
Non-USA | 6 | 0.84 (0.63–0.94) |  | 0.53 (0.38–0.67) |  | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | 0.34 (0.16–0.75) | 0.77 (0.56–0.80) | 5.6 (2.1–15.2) |
Etiology | |||||||||
Medical | 5 | 0.84 (0.64–0.94) | 0.20 | 0.55 (0.46–0.64) | 0.03* | 1.8 (1.5–2.1) | 0.30 (0.13–0.71) | 0.78 (0.50–0.86) | 6.3 (2.2–17.9) |
Trauma | 3 | 0.50 (0.09–0.91) |  | 0.71 (0.64–0.77) |  | 1.6 (0.5–5.2) | 0.73 (0.23–2.30) | 0.56 (0.49–0.76) | 2.3 (0.2–22.3) |
Study setting | |||||||||
ED | 8 | 0.76 (0.53–0.90) | 0.40 | 0.61 (0.52–0.69) |  < 0.01* | 1.8 (1.5–2.1) | 0.41 (0.21–0.82) | 0.73 (0.61–0.78) | 5.3 (2.1–13.7) |
ICU | 1 | 0.93 (0.56–0.99) |  | 0.20 (0.09–0.39) |  | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 0.35 (0.02–5.61) |  | 3.3 (0.2–68.5) |
Prehospital | 0 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |