Table 1 Population characteristics
Characteristic | Initial derivation cohort (n = 890) | Prospective cohort (n = 478) | Overall (n = 1368) |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), median (IQR) | 43 (27 to 58) | 39 (26 to 58) | 42 (27 to 58) |
Male, n (%) | 675 (76%) | 370 (77%) | 1,045 (76%) |
Penetrating Mechanism of Injury, n (%) | 192 (22%) | 120 (25%) | 312 (23%) |
Baseline clinical characteristics, median (IQR) | |||
Initial systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125 (110 to 140) | 126 (106 to 142) | 125 (110 to 140) |
Initial heart rate (beats/minute) | 91 (77 to 108) | 90 (77 to 107) | 91 (78 to 108) |
Glasgow Coma Scale Score | 15 (14 to 15) | 15 (12 to 15) | 15 (14 to 15) |
Injury Severity Score, median (IQR) | 17 (10 to 25) | 17 (9 to 26) | 17 (10 to 26) |
Pelvic Instability, n (%) | 42 (5%) | 27 (6%) | 69 (5%) |
Visualization of active bleeding, n (%) | 41 (5%) | 58 (12%) | 99 (7%) |
FAST performed, n (%) | 545 (61%) | 418 (87%) | 963 (68%) |
FAST positive | 92 (10%) | 83 (17%) | 175 (13%) |
Hemoglobin (g/L), median (IQR) | 138 (125 to 150) | 142 (128 to 153) | 139 (126 to 151) |
pH, median (IQR) | 7.33 (7.26 to 7.37) | 7.33 (7.28 to 7.39) | 7.33 (7.26 to 7.38) |
Base excess (mmol/L), median (IQR) | − 1.5 (− 5.1 to 1.1) | − 0.1 (− 3.4 to 2.2) | − 1.1 (− 4.8 to 1.5) |
Lactate level (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 3 (2 to 4.7) | 3 (2.2 to 4) | 3 (2.1 to 4.5) |
CT imaging performed, n (%) | 787 (88%) | 436 (91%) | 1223 (89%) |
Free fluid on CT | 219 (25%) | 146 (31%) | 365 (27%) |
Contrast extravasation on CT | 74 (8%) | 76 (16%) | 150 (11%) |
Interventions, n (%) | |||
Any major intervention | 133 (15%) | 101 (21%) | 234 (17%) |
Surgery | 102 (11%) | 74 (15%) | 176 (13%) |
Embolization | 35 (4%) | 11 (2%) | 46 (3%) |
Massive transfusion | 45 (5%) | 41 (9%) | 86 (6%) |