Table 1 Characteristics of study cohort
|  | Unselected trauma cohort (n = 379) | Sub-cohort 1 (n = 218) | Sub-cohort 2 (n = 105) |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, mean ± SD | 46.2 ± 20.2 | 49.2 ± 21.1 | 46.1 ± 20.3 |
Sex | |||
 Male, n (%) | 255 (67.3%) | 151 (69.3%) | 67 (63.8%) |
 Female, n (%) | 124 (32.7%) | 67 (30.7%) | 38 (36.2%) |
Glasgow Coma scale, n (%) | |||
 14–15 | 304 (80.4%) | 152 (69.7%) | 105 (100%) |
 9–13 | 35 (9.2%) | 32 (14.7%) | 0 (0%) |
 3–8 | 39 (10.3%) | 34 (15.6%) | 0 (0%) |
 Unknown | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Injury severity score, n (%) | |||
 1–8 | 187 (49.3%) | 98 (44.9%) | 76 (72.4%) |
 9–15 | 82 (21.6%) | 45 (20.6%) | 29 (27.6%) |
 16–24 | 48 (12.7%) | 35 (16.1%) | 0 (0%) |
 ≥ 25 | 51 (13.5%) | 36 (16.5%) | 0 (0%) |
 Unknown | 11 (2.9%) | 4 (1.8%) | 0 (0%) |
Mechanism of injury, n (%) | |||
 Fall | 104 (27.4%) | 74 (33.9%) | 29 (27.6%) |
 Traffic | 124 (32.7%) | 78 (35.8%) | 40 (38.1%) |
 Violence (incl suicide attempt) | 26 (6.9%) | 10 (4.6%) | 6 (5.7%) |
 Other (incl unknown) | 125 (33.0%) | 56 (25.7%) | 30 (28.6%) |
Antiplatelet medication, n (%) | 25 (6.6%) | 17 (7.8%) | 5 (4.8%) |
Anticoagulant medication, n (%) | 22 (5.8%) | 18 (8.3%) | 7 (6.7%) |
Advanced airway management, n (%) | 47 (12.4%) | 41 (18.8%) | 2 (1.9%) |
Time from injury to admission, minutes, median (IQR) | 55.0 (38.2) | 55.0 (39.0) | 47.0 (34.0) |
Admission delay > 6 h from injury, n (%) | 7 (2.1%) | 2 (1.0%) | 0 (0%) |
Admission delay > 12 h from injury, n (%) | 5 (1.5%) | 1 (1.0%) | 0 (0%) |
Head CT performed, n (%) | 347 (91.6%) | 216 (99.1%) | 104 (99.1%) |
Head-CT lesion, n (%) | 81 (21.4%) | 78 (35.8%) | 17 (16.2%) |
Marshall Score, n (%) | |||
 1 | 266 (76.7%) | 138 (63.3%) | 87 (82.9%) |
 2–4 | 57 (15.0%) | 54 (24.8%) | 15 (14.3%) |
 5–6 | 24 (6.9%) | 24 (11.1%) | 2 (1.9%) |
Biochemistry on admission | Â | Â | Â |
Hemoglobin, n (%) below reference | |||
 Female ≤ 7.3 mmol/L | 77 (20.5%) | 47 (21.8%) | 77 (6.7%) |
 Male ≤ 8.3 mmol/L | |||
Hematocrit, n (%) below reference | |||
 Female ≤ 0.35 fraction | 76 (20.5%) | 49 (22.9%) | 8 (7.7%) |
 Male ≤ 0.4 fraction | |||
Platelets, n (%) below reference | |||
 Female ≤ 165 × 109/L | 25 (6.6%) | 16 (7.4%) | 4 (3.8%) |
 Male ≤ 145 × 109/L | |||
International Normalized Ratio, n (%) above reference | |||
 Female/Male ≤ 1.2 | 57 (15.1%) | 38 (17.4%) | 11 (10.5%) |
Activated partial thromboplastin time, n (%) above reference | |||
 Female/Male ≥ 29 s | 23 (6.2%) | 17 (8.1%) | 3 (2.9%) |