Table 5 The identified factors organised with their most reported key theme and type
Key theme | Identified factor | Type (n) |
|---|---|---|
Command | Coordination and/or allocation | Satisfactory (n = 7), Unsatisfactory (n = 9) |
Command | General command function | Effective (n = 1), Ineffective (n = 4), Satisfactory (n = 5), Lack of (n = 4) |
Command | On-scene medical commander | Lack of (n = 4) |
Command | On-scene triage coordination | Satisfactory (n = 4), Unsatisfactory (n = 2), Lack of (n = 3) |
Communication | Communication on-scene | Satisfactory (n = 5), Unsatisfactory (n = 10) |
Communication | Communication devices | Satisfactory (n = 1), Incompatible (n = 5), Lack of (n = 2) |
Communication | Communication network | Stability (n = 1), Overload (n = 6), Failure (n = 8) |
Communication | Communication to patients | Satisfactory (n = 1) |
Communication | Information provided to receiving hospitals | Adequate (n = 2), Unsatisfactory (n = 4), Lack of (n = 3) |
Communication | Inter-agency communication | Satisfactory (n = 1), Unsatisfactory (n = 7), Lack of (n = 3) |
Communication | Public informing | Effective (n = 2), Ineffective (n = 1), Hampering (n = 1) |
Communication | Public warning system | Lack of (n = 1) |
Communication | Transparent crisis communication | (n = 1) |
Contextual | Blocked emergency egress | (n = 2) |
Contextual | Challenging accident site | (n = 7) |
Contextual | Chaos at scene | (n = 6) |
Contextual | Hindered access to or from site | (n = 9) |
Contextual | Immediate self or bystander care | (n = 2) |
Contextual | Induced panic in victims | (n = 1) |
Contextual | Loss of electricity | (n = 3) |
Contextual | Operational disruption | (n = 8) |
Contextual | Patient characteristics | (n = 5) |
Contextual | Patient charting | Adherent (n = 1), Deviation from (n = 3) |
Contextual | Type of fire | Intense (n = 1), Rapid (n = 2) |
Education | CBRNE-training | Insufficient (n = 2), Lack of (n = 3) |
Education | Decontamination | Insufficient (n = 2), Lack of (n = 2) |
Education | General training | Sufficient (n = 3), Insufficient (n = 6), Non-compliance (n = 1), Lack of (n = 6) |
Environment | Time of day | Daytime (n = 1), Night-time (n = 4) |
Environment | Weather | Good (n = 1), Bad (n = 3), Cold (n = 5) |
Evacuation | Evacuation of patients | Timely (n = 2), Delayed (n = 5), Hampered (n = 4), Impossible (n = 1) |
Evacuation | Evacuation of the dead | (n = 2) |
Evacuation | Self or bystander evacuation | (n = 14) |
Evacuation | Varied non-medical transport methods to hospital | (n = 17) |
Fortuity | Good luck | (n = 3) |
Human factors | Affected emergency response due to judgement errors | Compromised (n = 1) |
Human factors | Attitude of rescuers | Poor (n = 1) |
Human factors | Emergency response efficiency due to role switching | Secured (n = 1), Compromised (n = 2) |
Human factors | Evacuation recommendation | Non-compliance (n = 1) |
Human factors | Response to warning signs by victims | Inadequate (n = 1) |
Preparedness | Activation of emergency response | Rapid (n = 6), Delayed (n = 3) |
Preparedness | Activation of MCI/disaster plan | Rapid or immediate (n = 6), Delayed (n = 1) |
Preparedness | Arrival on-scene | Delayed (n = 3) |
Preparedness | Emergency response | Rapid (n = 16), Scalable (n = 9), Delayed (n = 13), Effective (n = 5), Lack of (n = 4) |
Preparedness | Equipment | Inappropriate or inadequate (n = 4), Malfunctioning (n = 5), Lack of (n = 3) |
Preparedness | Following the MCI/disaster plan | Compliance (n = 4), Non-compliance (n = 2) |
Preparedness | MCI/disaster plan | Effective (n = 5), Incomplete (n = 9), Lack of (n = 1) |
Preparedness | Medical treatment | Sufficient (n = 2), Insufficient (n = 2), Lack of (n = 1) |
Preparedness | Number of medical personnel | Sufficient (n = 3), Insufficient (n = 3) |
Preparedness | Number of medical supplies | Insufficient (n = 6) |
Preparedness | Number of responding emergency services | Insufficient (n = 9), Sufficient (n = 8) |
Preparedness | Operation procedures, protocols, or plans | Practical (n = 1), Impractical (n = 2), Non-compliance (n = 1) |
Preparedness | Protective gear for rescue personnel | Inappropriate or inadequate (n = 3) |
Preparedness | Rescue efforts | Effective (n = 3) |
Preparedness | Resource on-scene | Insufficient (n = 1), Lack of (n = 1) |
Preparedness | Resuscitation | Lack of (n = 2) |
Response tactics | Response strategy | “Load and go” (n = 5), “Stay and play” (n = 1) |
Response tactics | Ad-hoc solution | Emergency shelter (n = 4), Triage area (n = 3), Medical treatment (n = 2), Ambulance overload strategy (n = 2), Communication enhancement (n = 1), Field hospital (n = 1), Triage criteria (n = 1) |
Response tactics | Field hospital/medical station | Use of (n = 4), Lack of (n = 1) |
Response tactics | Self-induced emergency vehicle ingress-egress congestion | (n = 3) |
Safety | Illegal overcrowding | (n = 2) |
Safety | Interference with medical procedures by bystanders | (n = 1) |
Safety | Safety regulations | Non-compliance (n = 3) |
Safety | Scene control | Sufficient (n = 4), Insufficient (n = 6) |
Safety | Situational awareness | Insufficient (n = 2), Lack of (n = 3) |
Safety | Venue location | Inappropriate use (n = 2) |
Safety | Violence inflicted on emergency personnel | Verbal (n = 2), Physical (n = 1) |
Triage | Triage | Satisfactory or correct (n = 9), Unsatisfactory or incorrect (n = 8), Not performed (n = 3), Rapid (n = 2) |
Triage | Triage protocol | Adherence to (n = 2), Deviation from (n = 8), Lack of (n = 1) |
Triage | TBSA estimation on-scene | Unsuccessful (n = 2) |
Volunteer | Bystander, community or volunteer rescue efforts | (n = 12) |
Volunteer | Professional volunteer response | Coordinated (n = 2), Uncoordinated (n = 2) |