Factors influencing the pre-hospital management of civilian burn mass casualty incidents in the 21st century: a scoping review

Lindquist, Andreas; Al-Azzawi, Resha; Risør, Torsten; Raatiniemi, Lasse

doi:10.1186/s13049-025-01380-9

Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine

Table 6 Incidents included in the review

From: Factors influencing the pre-hospital management of civilian burn mass casualty incidents in the 21st century: a scoping review

Name of Incident	Location of Incident	Year of incident	Classification of incident	Casualties	On scene deaths	Articles included
–	Czech Republic	–	Industrial Explosion and indoor fire at a factory	18	–	1
Gothenburg discothèque fire	Sweden	1998	Indoor fire Nightclub	213	61	3
–	Saudi Arabia	1999	Indoor fire Tent	169	37	1
Enschede fireworks disaster	The Netherlands	2000	Industrial Indoor fire and explosions at a factory	947	21	1
Singapore airlines flight 006: Accident	Taiwan	2000	Transportation Aviation accident	179	79	1
Volendam New Years café fire	The Netherlands	2001	Indoor fire Café	245	4	2
Terrorist attack on the Pentagon	USA	2001	Transportation Terrorist attack with airplane	292	189	2
WTC terrorist attacks	USA	2001	Transportation Terrorist attack with airplane	–	2753	2
Bali bombings	Indonesia	2002	Indoor fire Terrorist attack with bombs	> 300	180	2
Station Nightclub Fire	USA	2003	Indoor fire Nightclub	215	96	3
Canberra Bushfires	Australia	2003	Wildfire	–	–	1
West Pharmaceutical Services explosion	USA	2003	Industrial Factory explosion	> 30	3	1
San Diego County Firestorm	USA	2003	Wildfire	138	16	1
Beslan School Seige	Russian Federation	2004	Indoor fire Terrorist attack with bombs	> 1000	329	1
–	Pakistan	2004	Indoor fire Terrorist attack with bombs	104	14	1
–	China	2005	Industrial Chemical accident at factory	118	0	1
Nakumatt Supermarket fire	Kenya	2009	Indoor fire Supermarket	–	26	1
-	Kenya	2009	Transportation Vehicle fire and explosion	178	91	1
Black Saturday Bushfires	Australia	2009	Wildfire	414	170	2
The Hermosillo ABC daycare fire	Mexico	2009	Indoor fire Daycare/warehouse	148	29	1
–	USA	2009	Industrial Explosion and indoor fire at factory	68	3	1
–	Chile	2010	Indoor fire Prison	466	81	1
–	The Netherlands	2011	Indoor fire Nursing home	49	0	1
–	India	2012	Transportation BLEVE	41	1	1
Kiss Nightclub Fire	Brazil	2013	Indoor fire Nightclub	1002	234	1
Gudvanga tunnel fire	Norway	2013	Transportation Vehicle and tunnel fire	66	0	1
–	China	2013	Industrial Chemical accident at factory	41	10	1
–	China	2014	Transportation Chemical accident	253	0	1
Hangzhou bus attack	China	2014	Transportation Indoor fire in a bus	33	0	1
–	South Korea	2014	Indoor fire Hospital	183	1	1
–	Mexico	2015	Indoor fire Explosion at hospital	71	-	1
Formosa Fun Water Park Dust Explosion	Taiwan	2015	Outdoor incident Dust explosion	499	0	7
–	Japan	2017	Industrial Explosion and indoor fire in a factory	11	1	1
Miryang hospital fire	South Korea	2018	Indoor fire Hospital	192	37	1
Borgo Panigale explosion	Italy	2018	Transportation BLEVE	158	1	1
–	China	2020	Transportation BLEVE	176	20	1
–	Italy	2023	Indoor fire Nursing home	87	6	1

Table 6 shows all included BMCIs, listing the name of the incident where applicable, the classification of the incident, as well as the number of casualties, on-scene fatalities and how many articles reported on each incident. Notably, the Formosa Fun Water Park Dust Explosion (2015) stands out as the most reported incident, appearing in seven included articles. Indoor fires were the most frequently reported incident type, occurring in nightclubs (e.g., Station Nightclub Fire, Kiss Nightclub Fire), hospitals (e.g., Miryang Hospital Fire), and warehouses (e.g., Gothenburg discothèque fire). The Beslan School Siege had the highest reported casualties (> 1,000), while the World Trade Center (WTC) attacks recorded the most on-scene deaths (2,753). Geographical disparities in BMCI reporting are evident, with most incidents occurring in high-income countries. However, cases from Pakistan, Kenya, China, and India highlight BMCIs as a global phenomenon, though underreporting in some regions may limit available data

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ISSN: 1757-7241

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