Table 1 summary of include studies characteristics and results

Bian

et al

(2011)

China [5]

RCT

(cluster)

Military personnel: Intervention group: 201

Control group: 195

-Coping Training Program

Psychologist

The Coping Style Questionnaire, The Social Support Rating Scale, The Self Consistency and Congruence Scale

Time 1: pre-intervention

Time 2: post –intervention (immediately)

Coping strategies: problem-solving + (p < 0. 001), help-seeking + (p < 0. 001),

fantasy-(p < 0. 001), avoidance -(p < 0. 001), rationalization + (p < 0. 05), self-blaming -(p ˃ 0. 05)

Social support: perceived support + (p < 0. 001), use of support (p < 0. 001), objective support + (p ˃ 0. 05)

Self-consistency: inconsistency of self and experience- (p < 0. 001),

self-flexibility + (p < 0. 001), self- stereotypes -(p ˃ 0. 05)

**

Carr

et al

(2013)

USA [7]

NRCT

(no comparison group)

Soldiers:

189

-Resilience Training

Resilience trained trainer

Connor Davidson Resilience Scale,

Behavior Inventory,

Stress Load, Morale, And Job Performance List

Time1: pre-intervention

Time2: post-intervention (90 days after intervention)

Resilience: – (p = 0.033)

morale: – (p = 0.007)

**

Chandra

et al

(2014)

USA [9]

Mixed study

Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) members: 76

-Psychological First-Aid Training

Healthcare workers

Scale of PFA knowledge

Filed notes

Time1: pre-intervention

Time 2: post –intervention (immediately)

perceived capability in using PFA:71% to 90% (P < 0.01)

would use PFA as part of routine activities: 40% to 54% (P < 0.05)

knowledge of PFA: 43% to 49% (P ˃ 0.05)

participants felt more confident after the training

**

Christopher et al

(2016)

USA [12]

NRCT

(no comparison group)

Police officers: 62

-Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training

Psychologist

Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Mindfulness Process Questionnaire (MPQ), Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), Emotional Intelligence Scale(EIS), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Global Family Functioning (GFF), Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)

Time 1: pre-intervention

Time 2: during –intervention (4 th week)

Time 3:post-intervention (immediately)

Mindfulness: + (p < 0. 001)

Resilience: + (p < 0. 001)

Burnout:—(p < 0.001)

Emotional intelligence: + (p = 0. 01)

Emotion regulation: + (p = 0. 01)

Stress:—(p < 0.001)

Family functioning:-(p = 0. 12)

Fatigue: -(p < 0.001)

**

Cohn

et al

(2008)

Australia [13]

RCT

Soldiers

Intervention group: 101

Control group: 73

-Cognitive-Behavioral Program

Psychologist

Real Events Attributional Style Questionnaire, Brief Cope, positive state of mind(PSOM), General Health Questionnaire-12(GHQ-12)

Time1: pre-intervention

Time 2: post-intervention (immediately)

Time 3: follow up (3 weeks after intervention)

Attribution stability and globality + (p < 0.05)

Coping: self-blame: -(p < 0.001)

Psychological adjustment: + (p < 0. 001)

**

Hammermeister et al. [23]

USA

NRCT

(no comparison group)

Soldiers: 27

-Mental Skills Training

Army officer

The Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool, Self-Esteem Rating Scale

Time 1: pre-intervention

Time 2: post –intervention (immediately)

Self—confidence: + (p = 0.0004)

Self esteem: increased from T1(M = 78.85, SD = 31.74) to T2(M

 = 89.82, SD = 26.73 (p = 0.003)

**

Johnson et al. [29]

USA

NRCT

Marines:

Intervention group:147

Control group:134

- Mindfulness-Based Mind Fitness Training

Mindfulness trained trainer

Response to Stressful Experiences Scale

Time 1: pre-intervention

Time 2: post –intervention (immediately)

Time 3: after stress exposure (immediately)

After stress exposure

Heart rate recovery greater (p < 0.001)

Breathing rate recovery greater (p < 0.001)

As resilience increased, insula activity decreased (r = −0.42, p < 0.05)

**

Kaplan

et al

(2017)

USA [30]

NRCT

(no comparison group)

Law enforcement officers (LEOs):47

firefighters (FFs):22

-Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training

Psychologist

The Brief Resilience Scale, The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form, The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory

Time 1: pre-intervention

Time 2:Post-intervention (immediately)

Resilience: + (p < 0.001)

Mindfulness: + (p < 0.001)

Burnout:—(p < 0.001)

*

Ke

et al

(2017) [32]

Tai Wan

NRCT

(no comparison group)

Healthcare providers:67

-Psychological Support

Psychologist

Immediate Self-Administered Questionnaire

Time 1: pre-intervention

Time 2:Post-intervention (1 month)

Incidence of posttraumatic psychiatric disorders: 16.4% to 0% (p < 0. 05)

*

Lester

et al

(2011)

USA [37]

NRCT

Soldiers:

Intervention group: 12,529

Control group: 9,479

-Master Resilience Training

Resilience trained trainer

Global Assessment Tool: resilience and psychological health (R/PH)

Time 1: pre-intervention

Time 2:post-intervention (immediately)

Time 3: follow up (6 months after intervention)

Good coping: + (p = 0.01)

Friendship: + (p = 0.00)

positive affect: + (p = 0.293)

family fitness: + (p = 0.293372)

spiritual fitness: + (p = 0.852)

negative affect:—(p = 0.445)

Catastrophic thinking:—(p < 0.01)

Depression:—(p = 0.10)

Age was a moderator of MRT training in a number of different aspects of Soldier fitness: more effective for Soldiers between the ages of 18–24

**

Marks et al., [47]

USA

NRCT

(no comparison group)

Firefighter and emergency workers:30

- Recognize, Evaluate, Advocate, Coordinate, and Track training

Psychologist

Knowledge questionnaire, REACT PSP Self-Effcacy Questionnaire, Generalized Self-Effcacy Scale, The Brief Resilience Scale

Time 1: pre-intervention

Time 2:Post-intervention (immediately)

Time 3: follow up (2 weeks after intervention)

Time 4: follow up (3 months after intervention)

Score of knowledge: + (p = 0.03, η2 =.209)

REACT PSP self-efficacy: + (p <.001, η2 =.577)

general self-efficacy: (pre: M = 31.75, SD = 3.60; post: M = 32.78, SD = 2.76; 2 weeks: M = 34.00, SD = 3.35; and 3 months: M = 33.14, SD = 3.24)

resilience: (pre: M = 22.38, SD

 = 4.47; post: M = 23.50, SD = 4.26; 2 weeks: M = 24.33, SD = 3.50; and 3 months: M = 24.00, SD = 3.87)

**

Maunder et al. [49]

Canada

NRCT

(no comparison group)

Healthcare workers:158(short course 51, medium course 54, long course 53

- Computer-Assisted Resilience Training

Healthcare worker

Questionnaire of Confidence in Supporting and Training, Pandemic Self-Efficacy Scale, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-32), Ways of Coping Inventory

Time 1: pre-intervention

Time 2:Post-intervention (immediately)

Confidence in Supporting and Training: + (p < 0.001)

Pandemic Self-efficacy: + p < 0.001)

Coping: + (p ˃0.05)

the medium length course was the optimal duration

**

Meulen et al. [50]

Netherland

NRCT

Police officers: Intervention group:74

Control group:96

- Mental Strength Training

Psychologist

Mental Toughness Questionnaire-48 (MTQ-48), Resilience

Scale (RS), Symptoms Check List

90-R (SCL-90-R), Self-Rating Inventory for PTSD (SRIP)

Time 1: pre-intervention

Time 2:Post-intervention (3 months)

Time 3: follow up (9 months after intervention)

Resilience

MTQ-48: + (p = 0.002, Cohen’s d = 0.26)

RS: + (p = 0.044, Cohen’s d = 0.01)

Anxiety, depression, and PTSD: no significant difference

**

Powell

et al. (2016)

USA [55]

Mixed study

Healthcare workers:69

-Psycho-educational intervention

Social worker

Professional Quality of Life Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, the Stress Arousal Checklist, the Social Provisions Scale, the Ways of Coping tool, the Coping Self Efficacy Scale

Time 1: pre-intervention

Time 2:Post-intervention (immediately)

Time 3: follow up (3 weeks after intervention)

Professional Quality of Life: + (p ˃ 0.05)

Perceived Stress: + (p ˃ 0.05)

Social Provisions: + (p < 0.05)

Coping Self Efficacy: + (p ˃ 0.05)

Perceived knowledge: + (p < 0.001)

Social support and team building was enhanced

**

Skeffington et al

(2016)

Australia [57]

RCT

(cluster)

Firefighters Intervention group:30

Control group:45

- Mental Agility and Psychological Strength Training Program

Psychologist

Knowledge of trauma checklist,

the traumatic stress schedule, The PTSD Checklist—Civilian Version, the depression, anxiety, and stress scale, the Brief Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced (Brief COPE)

scale

Time 1: pre-intervention

Time 2:Post-intervention (6 months after intervention)

Time 3: follow up (12 months after intervention)

Trauma knowledge: + (p <.001, η2 =.14)

Stress:—(p = 0.113, η2 = 0.02)

PTSD: + (p = 0.001, η2 =.08)

Anxiety:- (p = 0.507,η2 = 0.007)

Depression:—(p = 0.017, η2 = 0.04)

Perceived social support:—(p = 0.004, η2 = 0.06)

Social support satisfaction:—(p =.223, η2 = 0.02)

Adaptive coping:—(p = 0.804, η2 = 0.00)

Maladaptive coping:—(p = 0.811, η2 = 0.00)

**

Stanley

et al. (2011)

USA [59]

Mixed study

Marines:

Intervention group:34

Control group:21

-Mindfulness-Based Mind Fitness Training

Army officer

Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, Personal Outlook Scale

Time 1: pre-intervention

Time 2:Post-intervention (immediately)

Mindfulness: + (between high practice group and low practice group, p < 0.01; between high practice group and comparison group, p = 0.05)

Stress:—(p > 0.16)

Mindfulness negatively associated with perceived stress (r = −0.46, p < 0.01)

**

Ebrahimian et al. [17]

Iran

NRCT

Emergency medical services personnel:

Intervention group:n = 32

Control group:n = 32

-Hotwash

Psychologist

an EMSRS questionnaire

Time 1:pre-intervention

Time 2:a day after the

psychological hotwash

Time 3:six weeks after the psychological hotwash

One day after the intervention:

Job motivation: + (p = 0.040)

Communication challenges:-(p = 0.442)

Social support: + (p = 0.029)

Remaining calm:-(p = 0.526)

Self-management:-(p = 0.102)

Consequences of stress:-(p = 0.422)

Six weeks after the intervention:

Job motivation:-(p = 0.193)

Communication challenges:-(p = 0.261)

Social support: + (p = 0.003)

Remaining calm:-(p = 0.152)

Self-management:-(p = 0.059)

Consequences of stress:-(p = 0.547)

**

Mahaffey

et al

(2021)

USA [42]

RCT

Disaster workers:

Intervention group:n = 78

Control group:n = 89

-The Disaster Worker Resilience Training (DWRT) Program

Psychologist or social

worker

Health‑promoting lifestyle profile II (HPLP II)

Perceived stress scale (PSS)

PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)

Patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9)

Life events checklist for DSM‑5 (LEC-5)

Time 1:pre-intervention

Time 2:post-intervention (3 months after intervention)

Healthy lifestyle behaviors: + (η2 = 0.03; p = 0.03)

Stress management: + (η2 = 0.03, p = 0.04)

Spiritual growth: + (η2 = 0.03, p = 0.02)

**

Wild

et al

(2020)

England [61]

RCT

Emergency workers:

Resilience intervention:n = 317

Psychoeducation:n = 113

-Resilience intervention and Psychoeducation

Trained staff

Primary outcome:

-The Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing scale

-The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale

-The General Self-Efficacy Scale

-The Social Participation scale and the Social Support scale adapted from Sarason et al.’s

Secondary outcome:

The Depressive Attributions Questionnaire

The Brief Coping Behaviour Questionnaire

An unpublished trauma screener

The PCL-5

The PHQ-9

The General Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7)

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test

Time 1:pre-intervention

Time 2:post-intervention (immediately)

Time 3:at three-month follow-up

Resilience (CD-RISC):Baseline Mean(SD) = 66.49 (14.72),Post Mean(SD) = 67.94 (17.01),Follow-up Mean(SD) = 68.52(16.18)

Social Support (Home):Baseline Mean(SD) = 33.04 (6.08),,Post Mean(SD) = 33.64 (6.43),,Follow-up Mean(SD) = 34.14 (6.71)

Social Support (Work):Baseline Mean(SD) = 27.20 (6.64),,Post Mean(SD) = 27.17 (6.58),Follow-up Mean(SD) = 27.42 (6.80)

**

Eweida

et al

(2023)

Egypt [19]

NRCT

pre-licensure nursing students:

Intervention group:n = 31

Control group:n = 33

-Psychological first aid

Not mention

-The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12)

-Abridged Connor-Davidson Resilience Capacity Scale-10 (CD-RISC-10)

Time 1:pre-intervention

Time 2:post-intervention (immediately)

Time 3:at two-months follow-up

reduction in the psychological distress levels: + (p = 0. 001)

silience capacity level: + (p = 0.019)

**

Heyen

et al

(2021)

Switzerland [24]

NRCT

first responders:

n = 52

-COAST

Not mention

-the Perceived Stress Scale

-the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire

-the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale

-the General Self-Efficacy Scale

-the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Time 1:at baseline

Time 2:at 2 weeks’ follow-up

Time 3:at 4 weeks’ follow-up

number of clicks on each module: mean activity score = 15; SD = 11.11

**

Fikretoglu et al

(2019)

Canada [21]

RCT

Military recruits

Intervention group:n = 1452

Control group:n = 1379

-The Road to Mental Readiness (R2MR)

Psychologist

-Abridged Connor-Davidson Resilience Capacity Scale-10 (CD-RISC10)

Time 1: at baseline

Time 2: at 5 weeks

Time 3: at 9 weeks

Resilience (CD-RISC) total score:

−0.14 (p = 0.41)

GAD total score: − 0.10 (p = 0.66)

**

Note:/Met 0% of MMAT criteria; * Met 25% of MMAT criteria; ** Met 50% of MMAT criteria. RCT: randomized controlled trials, NRCT: non –randomized controlled trials; + : positive effect; -: negative effect